Learning Outcomes:
i. Define crystal growth and explain the process.
ii. Describe the different mechanisms of crystal growth, such as nucleation and growth.
iii. Identify the factors that affect the rate and size of crystals.
iv. Discuss the role of impurities and imperfections in the crystal growth process.
Introduction:
Crystals are solid substances in which atoms or molecules are arranged in a regular and repeating pattern. This regular arrangement gives crystals their characteristic properties, such as their shape, hardness, and ability to diffract light. Crystal growth is the process by which crystals form from a solution or a melt.
Crystal growth can occur by two main mechanisms: nucleation and growth. Nucleation is the process of forming a tiny crystal seed, or nucleus, from a solution or a melt. Once a nucleus has formed, it can grow larger by adding more atoms or molecules to its surface. The rate of crystal growth depends on several factors, including the concentration of the solution or melt, the temperature, and the presence of impurities.
Impurities can have a significant impact on crystal growth. If an impurity is present in the solution or melt, it can be incorporated into the crystal lattice, disrupting the regular arrangement of atoms or molecules. This can lead to the formation of defects in the crystal, which can affect its properties.
Imperfections in crystals can also be caused by other factors, such as rapid cooling or mechanical stress. These imperfections can also affect the properties of the crystal. In some cases, imperfections can actually improve the properties of a crystal. For example, the presence of impurities in a semiconductor crystal can make it more conductive.
Crystal growth is a complex process that is influenced by a variety of factors. Understanding the mechanisms of crystal growth is important for a variety of applications, including the production of high-quality crystals for use in electronics and optics.
Additional Examples:
- The formation of snowflakes is an example of crystal growth from vapor.
- The formation of sugar crystals from a solution of sugar and water is another common example of crystal growth.
- The growth of diamonds in the Earth's mantle is an example of crystal growth from a melt.
Class Sessions
1- Lesson 01: Mole and Avogadro's Number
2- Lesson 02: Mole Calculations
3- Lesson 03: Percentage Composition
4- Lesson 04: Excess and Limiting Reagents
5- Lesson 05: Theoretical Yield and Actual Yield as Percentage
6- Lesson 01: Discharge Tube Experiments
7- Lesson 02: Application of Bohr's Model
8- Lesson 03: Derivation of Radius, Energy, Frequency, Wave Length, Wave Number
9- Lesson 04: Spectrum of Hydrogen Atom
10- Lesson 05: Defects of Bohr's Theory
11- Lesson 06: Planck's Quantum Theory
12- Lesson 07: Postulates With Derivation of E =hcν
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14-
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16-
17- Lesson 08: X-Rays Production, Properties, and Uses
18- Lesson 09: X-rays and Atomic Number
19- Lesson 10: Moseley's Experiment
20- Lesson 11: Moseley's Law
21- Lesson 12: Quantum Numbers and Orbitals
22- Lesson 13: Principle Quantum Number
23- Lesson 14: Azimuthal Quantum Number
24- Lesson 15: Magnetic Quantum Number
25- Lesson 16: Spin Quantum Number
26- Lesson 17: Shapes of s, p, and d Orbitals
27- Lesson 18: Electronic Configuration
28- Lesson 19: Aufbau Principle
29- Lesson 20: Pauli's Exclusion Principle
30- Lesson 21: Hund's Rule
31- Lesson 22: Bonus Lesson: Electron Configurations of Elements
32- Lesson 01: Shapes of Molecules
33- Lesson 02: Resonance
34- Lesson 03: Theories of Covalent Bonding
35- Lesson 04: Bond Characteristics
36- Lesson 05: Bond Energy
37- Lesson 06: Bond Length
38- Lesson 07: Ionic Character
39- Lesson 08: Dipole Moment
40- Lesson 09: Effect of Bonding on Physical and Chemical Properties
41- Lesson 10: Solubility of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
42- Lesson 11: Reactions of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
43- Lesson 12: Directional and Non-Directional Nature of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
44- Lesson 01: Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
45- Lesson 02: Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory
46- Lesson 03: Pressure and Its Units
47- Lesson 04: Absolute Temperature Scale on the Basis of Charles Law
48- Lesson 05: Brief Recall of Boyle’s and Charles’ Law
49- Lesson 06: Graphical Explanation of Absolute Zero
50- Lesson 07: Avogadro’s Law
51- Lesson 08: Ideal Gas Equation Derivation
52- Lesson 09: Gas Constant and Its Units
53- Lesson 10: Deviation From Ideal Gas Behavior
54- Lesson 11: Graphical Explanation of Deviations
55- Lesson 12: Causes for Deviation
56- Lesson 13: Van der Waals Equation
57- Lesson 14: Volume Correction
58- Lesson 15: Pressure Correction
59- Lesson 16: Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
60- Lesson 17: Graham’s Law of Diffusion and Effusion
61- Lesson 18: Liquefaction of Gases
62- Lesson 19: Joule-Thomson Effect
63- Lesson 20: Linde’s Method of Liquefaction of Gases
64- Lesson 21: Fourth State of Matter: Plasma
65- Lesson 01: Kinetic Molecular Interpretation of Liquids
66- Lesson 02: Simple Properties of Liquids
67- Lesson 03: Intermolecular Forces (Vander Waals Forces)
68- Lesson 04: Dipole-Dipole Interaction
69- Lesson 05: Hydrogen Bonding
70- Lesson 06: London Forces
71- Lesson 07: Energetics of Phase Changes
72- Lesson 08: Molar Heat of Fusion, Molar Heat of Vaporization, Molar Heat of Sublimation
73- Lesson 09: Energy Changes and Intermolecular Attractions
74- Lesson 10: Change of State and Dynamic Equilibrium
75- Lesson 11: Liquid Crystals, Brief Description and their Uses from Daily Life
76- Lesson 01: Kinetic Molecular Interpretation of Solids
77- Lesson 02: Simple Properties of Solids Describing Vibration of Molecules, Intermolecular Forces, Kinetic Energy
78- Lesson 03: Types of Solids; Amorphous, Crystalline
79- Lesson 04: Properties of Crystalline Solids
80- Lesson 05: Melting Point
81- Lesson 06: Cleavage Plane
82- Lesson 07: Habit of Crystal
83- Lesson 08: Crystal Growth
84- Lesson 09: Anisotropy
85- Lesson 10: Isomorphism
86- Lesson 11: Polymorphism
87- Lesson 12: Allotropy
88- Lesson 13: Transition Temperature
89- Lesson 14: Crystal Lattice
90- Lesson 15: Unit Cell
91- Lesson 16: NaCl Crystal
92- Lesson 17: Lattice Energy
93- Lesson 18: Types of Crystalline Solids
94- Lesson 19: Ionic Solids
95- Lesson 20: Covalent Solids
96- Lesson 21: Metallic Solids
97- Lesson 22: Molecular Solids
98- Lesson 01: Reversible Reactions and Dynamic Equilibrium
99- Lesson 02: Concept and Explanation
100- Lesson 03: Law of Mass Action and Expression for Equilibrium Constant
101- Lesson 04: Relationship between Kc, Kp, Kx, Kn
102- Lesson 05: Importance of K and Reaction Quotient
103- Lesson 06: Factors Affecting Equilibrium ( Le-Chatelier’s Principle )
104- Lesson 07: Effect of Change in Concentration
105- Lesson 08: Effect of Change in Pressure or Volume
106- Lesson 09: Effect of Change in Temperature
107- Lesson 10: Industrial Application of Le-Chatelier’s Principle (Haber’s Process)
108- Lesson 11: Solubility Product and Precipitation Reactions
109- Lesson 12: Common Ion Effect
110- Lesson 01: Acidic, Basic and Amphoteric Substances
111- Lesson 02: Bronsted-Lowry Definitions of Acids and Bases
112- Lesson 03: Proton Donors and Acceptors
113- Lesson 04: Relative Strength of Acids and Bases
114- Lesson 05: Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
115- Lesson 06: Expressing the Strength of Acids and Bases
116- Lesson 07: Ionization Equation of Water
117- Lesson 08: pH, pOH and pKw
118- Lesson 09: Acid Ionization Constant, Ka and pKa
119- Lesson 10: Leveling Effect
120- Lesson 11: Base Ionization Constant, Kb and pKb
121- Lesson 12: Relationship of Ka and Kb
122- Lesson 13: Lewis Definitions of Acids and Bases
123- Lesson 14: Buffer Solutions and their Applications
124- Lesson 15: Salt Hydrolysis
125- Lesson 01: Chemical Kinetics
126- Lesson 02: Rates of Reactions
127- Lesson 03: Rate Law or Rate Expression
128- Lesson 04: Elementary and Overall Rate Constant and Units
129- Lesson 05: Order of Reaction and its Determination
130- Lesson 06: Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction
131- Lesson 07: Collision Theory, Transition State and Activation Energy
132- Lesson 08: Catalysis
133- Lesson 09: Characteristics of Catalysts
134- Lesson 10: Homogeneous Catalysis
135- Lesson 11: Heterogeneous Catalysis
136- Lesson 12: Enzyme Catalysis
137- Lesson 01: General Properties of Solutions
138- Lesson 02: Solution, Suspension and Colloids
139- Lesson 03: Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Molecules
140- Lesson 04: The Nature of Solutions in the Liquid Phase
141- Lesson 05: The Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility
142- Lesson 06: Concentration Units
143- Lesson 07: Percent, Molarity, Molality, Mole Fraction
144- Lesson 08: Parts per million, billion, and trillion
145- Lesson 09: Raoult's Law
146- Lesson 10: Non-Volatile Non-Electrolyte Solutes in Volatile Solvents
147- Lesson 12: Colligative Properties of Dilute Solutions
148- Lesson 11: When Both Components are Volatile
149- Lesson 13: Vapor Pressure Lowering
150- Lesson 14: Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression
151- Lesson 15: Molar Mass Determination by Vapor Pressure Lowering, Boiling
152- Lesson 16: Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression
153- Lesson 17: Osmotic Pressure and Reverse Osmosis
154- Lesson 18: Colloids
155- Lesson 19: Properties of Colloids
156- Lesson 20: Types of Colloids
157- Lesson 01: Energy in Chemical Reactions
158- Lesson 02: Thermodynamics
159- Lesson 03: Internal Energy
160- Lesson 04: First Law of Thermodynamics
161- Lesson 05: Standard State and Standard Enthalpy Changes
162- Lesson 06: Heat Capacity
163- Lesson 07: Calorimeter
164- Lesson 08: Hess's Law: Enthalpy Change Calculations
165- Lesson 09: Born-Haber Cycle
166- Lesson 01: Oxidation-Reduction Concepts
167- Lesson 02: Oxidation and Reduction
168- Lesson 03: Oxidation Numbers
169- Lesson 04: Recognizing Oxidation Reduction Reactions
170- Lesson 05: Balancing Oxidation Reduction Equations by Oxidation Number Method
171- Lesson 06: Balancing Oxidation Reduction Equations by the Half Reaction Method
172- Lesson 07: Chemistry of Some Important Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
173- Lesson 08: Electrode, Electrode Potential and Electrochemical Series
174- Lesson 09: Types of Electrochemical Cells
175- Lesson 10: Electrolytic Cells